Publications

TPS Overview

  • Dermody TS, Ettinger A, Savage Friedman F, Chavis V, Miller E. The Pittsburgh Study: Learning with communities about child health and thriving. Health Equity. 2022;6(1):338‑344. doi:10.1089/heq.2021.0153

Family Strengths Survey

  • Ray KN, Ettinger AK, Dwarakanath N, et al. Rapid‑cycle community assessment of health‑related social needs of children and families during Coronavirus Disease 2019. Acad Pediatr. 2021;21(4):677‑683. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.01.001
  • Burgette JM, Weyant RJ, Ettinger AK, Miller E, Ray KN. What is the association between income loss during the COVID‑19 pandemic and children’s dental care? J Am Dent Assoc. 2021;152(5):369‑376. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2021.01.003
  • Levin‑Decanini T, Henderson C, Mistry S, et al. Decreased access to therapeutic services for children with disabilities during COVID‑19 stay‑at‑home orders in Western Pennsylvania. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2022;15(Preprint):1‑5. doi:10.3233/PRM-210113

Science of Thriving and Bright Spotting

  • Ettinger AK, Ray KN, Burke JG, Thompson J, Navratil J, Chavis V, Miller E. A community‑partnered approach for defining child and youth thriving. Acad Pediatr. 2020;20(6):800‑807. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.03.008
  • Ray KN, Yahner KA, Bey J, Martin KC, Planey AM, Culyba AJ, Miller E. Understanding variation in nonurgent pediatric emergency department use in communities with concentrated disadvantage. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021;40(1):156‑164. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00675
  • Ettinger AK, Risser L, Rahman S, Rigas D, Abromitis R, Stokes LR, Chavis V, Miller E. Defining and measuring child and youth thriving: A scoping review. Pediatrics. 2022;150(5):e2022056650. doi:10.1542/peds.2022‑056650
  • Ettinger AK, Landsittel D, Abebe KZ, Bey J, Chavis V, Navratil JD, Savage Friedman F, Dermody TS, Miller E. THRIVE conceptual framework and study protocol: A community‑partnered longitudinal multi‑cohort study to promote child and youth thriving, health equity, and community strength. Front Pediatr. 2022;9:1646. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.787646

Community Vitality Collaborative (COVID19 response/Public Health and Health Services)

  • Scott T, Gutschow B, Ragavan MI, Ho K, Massart M, Ripper L, Muthama V, Miller E, Bey J, Abernathy RP. A community‑partnered approach to promoting COVID‑19 vaccine equity. Health Promot Pract. 2021;22(6):758‑760. doi:10.1177/15248399211033710
  • Hill AV, Moehling Geffel K, Lavage DR, Davis A, Dwarakanath N, Ettinger AK, Ragavan MI. Parent‑reported intention to vaccinate children against COVID‑19: Influences of COVID‑19 and seasonal influenza vaccination.  Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2022;61(2):107‑111. doi:10.1177/00099228211046499
  • Ragavan MI, Ripper L, Davidson M, Scott T, Gutschow B, Muthama V, Townsend T, Schindler B, Hager E, Carmona E, Henderson C. COVID‑19 information sources for Black and Latine communities: A community co‑created survey.  Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2022;16(2):23‑32.
  • Henderson C, Scott T, Schinder B, Hager E, Friedman FS, Miller E, Ragavan MI. Shifting the paradigm from participant mistrust to researcher and institutional trustworthiness: A qualitative study of researchers’ perspectives on building trustworthiness with Black communities.  Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2022 Sep 20:0272684X221117710. doi:10.1177/0272684X221117710
  • Krakora M, Townsend T, Castillo Smyntek XA, Sickler L, Henry C, Hardeman C, Savage Friedman F, Sidani JE, Amodei J, Ruiz M, Rosen D. From vaccines to vitality: The progression of a community–academic collaboration.  Health Promot Pract. 2022 Dec 8:15248399221137271. doi:10.1177/15248399221137271
  • Salib Y, Amodei J, Sanchez C, Castillo Smyntek XA, Lien M, Liu S, Acharya G, Kihumbu B, Mishra P, Chaves‑Gnecco D, Timsina K. The COVID‑19 vaccination experience of non‑English speaking immigrant and refugee communities of color: A community co‑created study.  Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2022 Oct 25:2752535X221133140. doi:10.1177/2752535X221133140
  • Doughtery M, Salib Y, Massart M, Sidani JE, Raphael JL, Savage Friedman F, Beery J, Ruiz M, Miller E, Ragavan MI. Inclusion of community‑based participatory research in high‑impact medical journals.  Health Equity. 2025;9(1):290‑295. doi:10.1089/heq.2024.0151
  • Ragavan MI, Hewitt B, Mickievicz E, Laubacher C, Harrison C, Ray KN, Carpenter A, Williams L, Geer BW, Garg A, Vajravelu ME. Health‑related social needs intervention for adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes and their caregivers: An exploratory study using human‑centered design.  Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2026;46(2):171‑183. doi:10.1177/2752535X251316990

Healthy Pregnancy Collaborative

  • Hager E, Lavage DR, Shirriel J, Catov J, Miller E, The Pittsburgh Study Pregnancy Collaborative, Krishnamurti T. A model for engaging citizen scientists: A community‑partnered research collaboration to address inequities for Black birthing people. Matern Child Health J. 2024;28(9):1495‑1505. doi:10.1007/s10995‑024‑03974‑8
  • Williams H, Mickievicz E, Laubacher C, Shastri N, Ortega E, Arbelaez Solano MC, Garrett S, Edmunds A, Cozby C, Bowden A, Mendez D, Salter C, Duplessis V, Ragavan MI, Scott S. Doulas and community health workers supporting perinatal intimate partner violence survivors: Current practices, desired resources, and self‑care. Health Equity. 2026. In press.
  • Hager E, Lavage DR, Shirriel J, Catov J, Miller E, The Pittsburgh Study Pregnancy Collaborative, Krishnamurti T. Listening to neighborhoods: Findings from The Pregnancy Collaborative on maternal health equity. Submitted.
  • Hager E, Fochek C, Klem ML, Krishnamurti T, on behalf of The Pittsburgh Study Pregnancy Collaborative. Thriving in the peripartum period: A community‑partnered concept analysis. In preparation.
  • Akhadelor-Job G, Kosbie AS, Hager E, Bowden A, Tyler D, Miller E, Oghifobibi O. Neighborhood-based Community Doulas: a community co-designed pilot program to address maternal health disparities. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care. 2026. In preparation.

Early Childhood Collaborative

  • Roby E, Shaw DS, Morris P, Canfield CF, Miller EB, Dreyer B, Klass P, Ettinger A, Miller E, Mendelsohn AL. Pediatric primary care and partnerships across sectors to promote early child development. Acad Pediatr. 2021;21(2):228‑235. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.11.016
  • Shaw DS, Mendelsohn AL, Morris PM. The Smart Beginnings model: Tiered prevention integrated in health care and home visiting to address poverty disparities in child development and promote school readiness. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2021;24(4):669‑683. doi:10.1007/s10567‑021‑00366‑0
  • Weaver Krug C, Mendelsohn AL, Wuerth J, Roby E, Shaw DS. The Pittsburgh Study: A tiered model for supporting parents during early childhood. J Pediatr. 2024;266:114396. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114396
  • Shaw DS, Mendelsohn AL, Morris‑Perez PA, Weaver Krug C. Integrating equifinality and multifinality into the prevention programs in early childhood: The conceptual case for the use of tiered models. Dev Psychopathol. 2024;36(7):2357‑2368. doi:10.1017/S095457942400021X
  • Dodge KA, Prinstein MJ, Evans AC, Ahuvia IL, Alvarez K, Beidas RS, Brown AJ, Cuijpers P, Denton E, Hoagwood KE, Johnson C, Kazdin AE, McDanal R, Metzger IW, Rowley SN, Schleider J, Shaw DS. Population mental health science: Guiding principles and initial agenda. Am Psychol. 2024. doi:10.1037/amp0001334

Early School Age Collaborative & 3Rs

  • White A, Wanless SB. Positive racial identity development in early education. J Curriculum Teach Learn Leadersh Educ. 2019;4(2):73‑90.
  • Zinsser KM, Wanless SB. Racial disproportionality in the school‑to‑prison pipeline. In: Stevenson MC, Bottoms BL, Burke KC, eds. The Legacy of Racism for Children: Psychology, Law, and Public Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2020:129‑149.
  • Orman M. An intro to “ecosystem mapping” with Allegheny County’s literacy ecosystem. Remake Learning. Blog post. July 7, 2022.
  • Spear C, Briggs J, Sanchez T, Woody M, Ponce‑Cori J. The power of picturebooks to support early elementary teachers’ racial literacy in communities of practice: An example from the 3Rs (Reading, Racial Equity, Relationships). Early Child Educ J. 2023;52:1‑13. doi:10.1007/s10643‑023‑01500‑z.
  • Wanless SB, Spear CF, Artinger JV, Briggs JO. Creating spaces for adult learning and professional development: Social‑emotional skills for facilitating racial equity discussions. In: Rimm‑Kaufman SE, Strambler MJ, Schonert‑Reichl K, eds. Social and Emotional Learning in Action: Creating Systemic Change in Schools. New York, NY: Guilford Publications. In press.

Adolescent Health Collaborative

  • Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, Miller E. Social support, exposure to parental intimate partner violence, and relationship abuse among marginalized youth. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(1):127‑130. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.020.
  • Bell LA, Bushover B, Miller E, Culyba A. Staying in school: Connection, cohesiveness, and suspension. Acad Pediatr. 2021;21(2):228‑235. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.016.
  • Galán CA, Stokes LR, Szoko N, Abebe KZ, Culyba AJ. Exploration of experiences and perpetration of identity‑based bullying among adolescents by race/ethnicity and other marginalized identities. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2116364. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16364.
  • Khetarpal SK, Szoko N, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, Ragavan MI. Future orientation as a cross‑cutting protective factor against multiple forms of violence. J Pediatr. 2021;235:288‑291. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.04.061.
  • Szoko N, Khetarpal S, Ragavan M, Chu K, Culyba AJ. Protective factors against vaping and other tobacco use. Pediatrics. 2021;148(2):e2020048066. doi:10.1542/peds.2020‑048066.
  • Hill AL, Miller E, Switzer GE, Abebe KZ, Chang JC, Pulerwitz J, Brush LD, Hill AV. Gender equitable attitudes among adolescents: A validation study and associations with sexual health behaviors. Adolesc Res Rev. 2021;6:1‑14. doi:10.1007/s40894‑021‑00186‑9.
  • Hill AV, Mistry S, Paglisotti TE, Dwarakanath N, Lavage DR, Hill AL, Iwuanyanwu R, Stokes LR, Jones KA, Miller E. Assessing feasibility of an adolescent relationship abuse prevention program for girls. J Adolesc. 2022;94:333‑353. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2022.07.003.
  • Hill AV, Hill AL, Jackson JA, Gilreath TD, Fields A, Miller E. Adolescent relationship abuse, gender equitable attitudes, and sexual health among minority adolescent girls. J Interpers Violence. 2022;38(19‑20):NP11220‑NP11242. doi:10.1177/08862605221080976.
  • Culyba AJ, Riley AT, Corona G, Miller E, Carley KM. Adolescent‑adult social networks and experiences of violence among Black youth in neighborhoods with high community violence. J Adolesc Health. 2022;71(5):600‑607. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.010.
  • Khetarpal SK, Szoko N, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, Ragavan MI. Associations between parental monitoring and multiple types of youth violence victimization: A brief report. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(19‑20):NP19216‑NP19227. doi:10.1177/08862605211035882.
  • Rankine J, Fuhrman B, Copperman E, Miller E, Culyba A. School absenteeism among middle school students with high exposure to violence. Acad Pediatr. 2022;22(8):1300‑1308. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.05.013.
  • Wilson T, Riley A, Khetarpal SK, Abernathy P, Booth J, Culyba AJ. Exploring the impact of racism on Black youth: A multidimensional examination of discriminatory experiences across place and time. J Adolesc Health. 2023;72(2):246‑253. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.028.
  • Szoko N, Dwarakanath N, Miller E, Chugani CD, Culyba AJ. Psychological empowerment and future orientation among adolescents in a youth participatory action research program. J Community Psychol. 2023;51(5):1851‑1859. doi:10.1002/jcop.22935.
  • Culyba AJ, Fuhrman B, Barker G, Abebe KZ, Miller E. Primary versus secondary prevention effects of a gender‑transformative sexual violence prevention program among male youth. J Interpers Violence. 2023;38(19‑20):11220‑11242. doi:10.1177/08862605231172840.
  • Hill AL, Stokes LR, Pollard J, Yu L, Trent MD, Miller E, Hill AV. Validation of the Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY) Scale in Pittsburgh: Associations with sexual violence experiences. Child Youth Care Forum. 2023;52:1‑17. doi:10.1007/s10566‑023‑09787‑0.
  • Cruce A, Sable P, Melnick A, Blackenship K, Ortiz K, Mayers‑Snyder V, Miller E, Rosen D. Implementing a gender‑based violence prevention program in public middle schools: A social work practicum experience. Field Educator. 2024;14(2).
  • Fenner M, Wilson TK, Riley AT, Culyba AJ. Exploring adolescent‑adult connections, coping, and safety among minoritized youth. J Res Adolesc. 2024;34(3):618‑630. doi:10.1111/jora.12843.
  • Pulavarthi TS, Fabio A, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Examining associations between school connectedness, social support, violence, and firearm carrying. J Interpers Violence. 2024. doi:10.1177/08862605241233267.
  • Hill A, Balacio P, Moore M, Wilson T, Fields A, Miller E. How racism and discrimination impact Black young women’s sexual health. J Adolesc Health. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.10.009.
  • Szoko N, Ajith A, Kurland K, Culyba AJ. Community asset density and past‑year mental health symptoms among youths. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(9):e2434923. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34923.
  • Huerta C, Randell KA, Unger J, Rothenberger S, Chaves‑Gnecco D, Barral R, Shaw D, Culyba AJ, Miller E, Ragavan MI. Associations between acculturation, discrimination, and adolescent relationship abuse among Latine youth. J Interpers Violence. 2024. doi:10.1177/08862605241280087.
  • Wilson T, Riley A, Badragheh A, Rae, S, Abernathy P, Culyba AJ, Booth, J. Testing the Feasibility and Acceptability of Geographic Ecological Momentary Assessments Among Black Youth Living in Neighborhoods Impacted by Community Violence. Journal of the Society for Social Work Research. Available online in advance of print Dec 5, 2024.  
  • Cruce A, Slade E, Savage F, Savage M, Szoko N, Miller E. Piloting a virtual yoga and mindfulness program for juvenile court‑involved youth. Health Promot Pract. 2024. doi:10.1177/15248399241278975.
  • Mickievicz E, Laubacher C, Alston C, Burnett J, Simpson A, Sickler L, O’Connor B, Mahler J, Amodei J, Miller E, Shaw D, Coulter RWS, Ragavan MI. Caregivers’ perspectives on supporting sexual and gender‑diverse youth. Health Educ Behav. 2025;52(3):319‑328. doi:10.1177/10901981241311216.
  • Szoko N, Franklin B, Slade E, Fuhrman B, Murphy C, Booth K, Miller E. Perceived discrimination and psychological functioning among juvenile court‑involved youth. J Adolesc. 2025. In press.
  • Szoko N, Slade E, Fields A, Blankenship K, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Implementation evaluation of a youth participatory action research program. Am J Community Psychol. 2025 May 19. In press.
  • Szoko N, Wilson TK, Slade E, Risher T, Wheeler M, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Applying PRISM to youth participatory action research. BMC Public Health. 2025 August 6. In press.
  • Rankine J, Culyba A, Coulter RWS, Miller E, Switzer G, Yoshida‑Ehrmann E, Arellano G, Dudovitz R. COVID‑19 and high school attendance. Acad Pediatr. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2025.103147.
  • Rankine J, Coulter RWS, Culyba A, Miller E, Switzer G, Yoshida‑Ehrmann E, Arellano G, Dudovitz R. School engagement and mental health in adolescence. Pediatr Res. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41390‑025‑04481‑4.
  • Rankine J, Culyba AJ, Coulter RWS, Miller E, Switzer G, Arellano G, Dudovitz R. Adolescent social networks and school engagement across high school transition. Pediatrics Open Sci. 2025. Accepted.
  • Parlin U, Sierra E, Wilson T, Lee JY, Coombs C, Owusu‑Ansah S, Culyba AJ. Multidisciplinary program for youth affected by violent injury. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2026. Accepted.
  • Szoko N, Joseph P, Hanner CD, Ramsey A, Mueller K, Miller E, Strotmeyer S, Culyba AJ. Protective factors against violence and substance use. J Adolesc Health. 2026. In press.
  • Williams H, Berman E, Dulin O, Clarke K, Miller E. Reducing chronic tardiness: evaluation of a restorative justice intervention in an urban high school. Journal of School Health (under review)
  • Szoko N, Brissett D, Hanner CD, Strotmeyer S, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Psychological Empowerment and Adolescent Health. Pediatrics, 2025. Jun 1;155(6):e2024069955.
  • Szoko N, Wilson T, Riley A, Carley KM, Zimmerman M, Miller E, Abebe KZ, Culyba AJ. Strengthening Connections for Change: A Pilot Cluster Randomized Trial of an Adolescent-Adult Social Network-Based Intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health. Available Online Dec 27 2025.
  • Wilson TK, Pulavarthi T, Mafarachisi N, Booth J, Culyba AJ. Understanding traumatic stress and coping behaviors among Black youth who have been exposed to community violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2025 Oct 23:8862605251375392.

Policy and Place

  • Ohmer ML, Neumann A, Jacobs L, Beery J, DeMars K, Miller E. Advancing data justice: Lessons from a collective efficacy violence prevention intervention. J Soc Social Work Res. 2025. doi:10.1086/738001.
  • Ortiz‑Whittingham L, Scott S, Jacobs L, Culyba AJ, Crice A, Reilly R, Ohmer M, Wang C, Giankas J, Miller E, Fabio A. Characterizing resilient and at‑risk neighborhoods with lower‑ and higher‑than‑expected firearm injuries and fatalities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Inj Prev. 2025;ip‑2025‑045681. doi:10.1136/ip‑2025‑045681.

Immigrant and Refugee Collaborative

  • Huerta C, Gutschow B, Bañales J, Boyzo H, Jenkins V, Document P, Taverno SE, Goodkind S, Ragavan MI. Developing a youth participatory action research program for Latine youth in an emerging community. Health Promot Pract. 2024;25(4):519‑521. doi:10.1177/15248399231176248. Epub 2023 May 22.
  • Salib Y, Amodei J, Sanchez C, Castillo Smyntek XA, Lien M, Liu S, Acharya G, Kihumbu B, Mishra P, Chaves‑Gnecco D, Timsina K, Diaz J, Henry C, Mickievicz E, Mwaliya A, Ho K, Sidani J, Ragavan MI. The COVID‑19 vaccination experience of non‑English speaking immigrant and refugee communities of color: A community co‑created study. Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2024;44(2):177‑188. doi:10.1177/2752535X221133140. Epub 2022 Oct 25.
  • Schweiberger K, Migliori O, Mbangah M, Arena C, Diaz J, Liu SY, Kihumbu B, Rijal B, Mwaliya A, Castillo Smyntek XA, Hoffman H, Timsina K, Salib Y, Amodei J, Perez AJ, Chaves‑Gnecco D, Ho K, Mugwaneza K, Sidani J, Ragavan MI. “How fluent do I need to be to say I’m fluent?” Research experiences of communities that speak languages other than English. Community Health Equity Res Policy. 2025;45(2):111‑125. doi:10.1177/2752535X241238095. Epub 2024 Mar 14.
  • Hoffman H, Doan TT, Migliori O, Khan A, Sidani J, Liu S, Perez AJ, Mears L, Kihumbu B, Timsina K, Chaves‑Gnecco D, Cowden JD, Ragavan MI. Researcher perceptions of inclusion of study participants who use languages other than English. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(3):e252380. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2380.

Healthy Allegheny Teen Survey

  • Bell LA, Bushover B, Miller E, Culyba A. Staying in school: Connection, cohesiveness, and suspension. Acad Pediatr. 2021;21(2):228‑235. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.016.
  • Galán CA, Stokes LR, Szoko N, Abebe KZ, Culyba AJ. Exploration of experiences and perpetration of identity‑based bullying among adolescents by race/ethnicity and other marginalized identities. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2116364. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16364.
  • Khetarpal SK, Szoko N, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, Ragavan MI. Associations between parental monitoring and multiple types of youth violence victimization: A brief report. J Interpers Violence. 2021. doi:10.1177/08862605211035882.
  • Khetarpal SK, Szoko N, Culyba AJ, Shaw D, Ragavan MI. Future orientation as a cross‑cutting protective factor against multiple forms of violence. J Pediatr. 2021;235:288‑291. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.04.061.
  • Szoko N, Khetarpal S, Ragavan M, Chu K, Culyba AJ. Protective factors against vaping and other tobacco use. Pediatrics. 2021;148(2):e2020048066. doi:10.1542/peds.2020‑048066.
  • Kidd KM, Sequeira GM, Douglas C, Paglisotti T, Inwards‑Breland DJ, Miller E, Coulter RW. Prevalence of gender‑diverse youth in an urban school district. Pediatrics. 2021;147(6):e2020049823.
  • Kidd KM, Sequeira GM, Rothenberger SD, Paglisotti T, Kristjansson A, Schweiberger K, Coulter RW. Operationalizing and analyzing 2‑step gender identity questions: Methodological and ethical considerations. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022;29(2):249‑256.
  • Szoko N, Sequeira GM, Coulter RWS, Kobey J, Ridenour E, Burnett O, Kidd KM. Sexual orientation among gender diverse youth. J Adolesc Health. 2023;72(1):153‑155. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.016.
  • Pulavarthi TS, Fabio A, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Examining associations between school connectedness, social support, violence, and firearm carrying. J Interpers Violence. 2024. doi:10.1177/08862605241233267.
  • Szoko N, Ajith A, Kurland K, Culyba AJ. Community asset density and past‑year mental health symptoms among youth. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(9):e2434923. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34923.
  • Didden E, Szoko N, Ortiz K, Hanner CD, Walker EA, Kahn NF, Kidd KM. Gender‑diverse youth perceptions of school connectedness, social support, and future orientation. J Adolesc Health. 2025.
  • Szoko N, Brissett D, Hanner CD, Strotmeyer S, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Psychological empowerment and adolescent health. Pediatrics. 2025;155(6):e2024069955. doi:10.1542/peds.2024‑069955.
  • Szoko N, Joseph P, Hanner CD, Ramsey A, Mueller K, Miller E, Strotmeyer S, Culyba AJ. Protective factors against violence and substance use in adolescents: A latent class analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2026. In press.